3D transformations

Three-dimensional (3D) transformations are used to manipulate the position, orientation, and size of 3D objects in space. There are three main types of 3D transformations: translation, rotation, and scaling. 

1. Translation: This transformation moves an object from one position to another in 3D space. Translation can be performed along the X, Y, and Z axes.

2. Rotation: This transformation rotates an object around a given axis in 3D space. Rotation can be performed around the X, Y, and Z axes.

3. Scaling: This transformation changes the size of an object in 3D space. Scaling can be performed along the X, Y, and Z axes, and can be uniform or non-uniform.

In addition to these basic 3D transformations, there are also more complex transformations that can be used to manipulate 3D objects. These include:

1. Shearing: This transformation skews an object in one direction, changing its shape in a non-uniform way.

2. Reflection: This transformation mirrors an object across a plane, reversing its orientation.

3. Projection: This transformation maps a 3D object onto a 2D surface, such as a computer screen or piece of paper.

4. Deformation: This transformation changes the shape of an object in a non-linear way, allowing for more complex manipulations.

These transformations are typically represented using matrices, which can be multiplied together to create complex sequences of transformations. The order in which transformations are applied can also have a significant impact on the final result.